The new transfer value calculator uses an algorithm created on the basis of nearly 1,500 fee paying transfers occurred during the previous five years at big-5 league clubs. The exclusive algorithm will continue to be updated after every transfer window to take into account the latest market trends.

More information on the statistical model developed by the CIES Football Observatory academic team and detailed analysis of current big-5 league players is available in the latest edition of the CIES Football Observatory Annual Review. A free excerpt of this publication can be downloaded here.

The scientific analysis of player transfer values perfectly complements the two other main CIES Football Observatory research areas: squad composition and pitch performance. All of these areas of study are of high importance to clubs as they are able to assist in raising performance levels from both a sporting and economic perspective.

Moreover, the transfer value calculator will help to increase the level of transparency in the beautiful game as all stakeholders – from club officials to the general public – will be able to compare actual fees paid to those estimated as the fair transfer value by the calculator.

The CIES Football Observatory academic team is at your disposal for more detailed analysis. Its services notably include the elaboration of scenarios for future transfer values. For more information about our products and services, please contact us at football.observatory@cies.ch

The ranking takes into account the number of World Cup participants trained per club, as well as the number of league matches played by footballers per team up to the age of 23. This age limit has been set according to FIFA regulations on training indemnities. Training clubs have been defined according to the UEFA definition of at least three years at the club between the ages of 15 and 21.

At the top of the table is Feyenoord Rotterdam. The Dutch team trained 9 players participating in the World Cup. Two other clubs trained as many footballers as Feyenoord: Barcelona and Deportivo Saprissa. However, World Cup participants played 882 matches at Feyenoord until the age of 23, compared to 783 at Barcelona (not including B-team matches) and 445 at Deportivo Saprissa.

At national association level, France tops the table ahead of England and Germany. This is mainly due to the high number of footballers trained in France playing for other national A-teams, notably Africans. This finding also reflects the high employment rate of U23 players in French clubs. In total, 821 clubs in 59 national associations have contributed to the development of World Cup players. The full list of clubs is available here.

We also remind you that the brand new edition of our Annual Review on the five major European leagues is available for sale from the CIES online shop. A free excerpt is available here.

The Observatory academic team have selected the following indicators for assessing the potential of the 2014 World Cup participants:

• League matches during career
• League matches for the two years preceding the event
• League goals during career
• League goals for the two years preceding the event
• National A-team matches for the two years preceding the event
• World Cup matches during career

The results for each national team are illustrated through a diagram with green or red boxes. A green box means that the value measured for the team is superior to the minimal figure observed for the last four World Cup finalists for the 11 players with the highest values. If this is not the case, the box is red. The greater the proportion of green boxes, the higher the probability of reaching the final stages of the competition. In the case of a tie, we took into account the number of World Cup matches of national teams during the last four editions.

This approach has also allowed us to predict a hypothetical scenario for the outcome of the competition, suggesting that Spain will beat Brazil in the final, with Argentina in 3rd place and France in 4th position. The full analysis is presented in the World Cup Scenario report.

The CIES Football Observatory Annual Review is an essential tool for all forward-thinking teams to benchmark themselves against rivals and implement the most suitable strategies for sustainable success. The analysis provided is also of great interest for professionals involved in the transfer market operations, media and the general public. An excerpt of this 96-page landmark publication can be downloaded here. The paperback report is available for purchase from the CIES online shop.

As of June 2013, Lionel Messi is the big-5 league footballer with the highest market value. According to the CIES Football Observatory’s exclusive econometrical model, the estimated value of Barcelona’s player is almost twice as high as for Cristiano Ronaldo: € 216 versus € 114 million. This is mainly related to the younger age of the Argentinian prodigy. However, contrary to Ronaldo’s market value, Messi’s decreased during last year due to lower performance levels (- € 19 million).

The comparison between transfer fees paid by clubs to sign new players at the start or during the 2013/14 season and their current market value allows us to assess the best and worst recruitments from a financial perspective. The highest negative gap was recorded for Gareth Bale (€ -37 million). This finding reflects the fact that Real Madrid clearly paid over the odds to convince Tottenham to release the player. In 2013/14, the Castilian team broke the record for the most expensive line-ups fielded with an average transfer expenditure per player of € 32.3 million in their Champions League winning campaign.

Results achieved by Spanish title winners Atlético Madrid were outstanding with an average transfer fee of “only” about € 4.3 million per player on the pitch. From an economic perspective, it is also worth highlighting results obtained by some of the clubs that were among those that spent the least to sign players fielded such as Crystal Palace in England, Elche in Spain, Guingamp in France, Augsburg in Germany and Hellas Verona in Italy. This publication will allow you to understand what factors permitted these clubs to over-perform.

While not directly focused on national teams, the findings presented in this publication can also be interpreted in the light of the upcoming World Cup. For example, our analysis of the pitch performance of players suggests that it will be very difficult to score against Brazil. Indeed, Thiago Silva, Dante, Dani Alves, Maxwell, Marcelo and Maicon are among the best performing players in their respective position. Felipe Scolari could even afford not to select other very productive and efficient defenders such as Rafinha and Luis Filipe.

However, our analysis also shows that Brazilian players are less represented among the best performing midfielders and forwards. Spain appears thus to have a more complete squad with at least one player in the top 10 of the rankings for each position. Of course, the outstanding talent of the four best performing forwards, Cristiano Ronaldo (Portugal), Luis Suárez (Uruguay), Ciro Immobile (Italy) and Lionel Messi (Argentina), could prove to be a lethal weapon for opponents. Within one week, the CIES Football Observatory will also disclose its World Cup predictions using a brand new methodology.

The average gap between the league position estimated and that finally achieved at big-5 level was 3.3 positions: from 4.2 in Germany to only 2.3 in England. The ranking gap was higher by 3 for less than two thirds of teams. More information is available here.

Amongst the teams that obtained better results than expected were Torino, Augsburg and Liverpool. In the under-performing team category, we find clubs such as Real Betis, Milan and Manchester United.

This season, the Football Observatory academic team were able to predict 12 of the 15 teams that finished in the top three positions in their respective league: 3 out of 3 in Spain and Germany, followed by 2 out of 3 in Italy (Juventus and Napoli), France (Paris St-Germain and Monaco) and England (Manchester City and Chelsea).

In relation to the actual champions, we were only able to predict 2 out of 5 (Juventus and Paris St-Germain), while Borussia Dortmund finished in second place, Champions League winners Real Madrid in third position and Manchester United ranked only 7th. Since our first predictions in 2010/11, we have correctly forecast 9 champions out of a possible 20 (45%).

Each starting 11 has been selected by taking into account players’ production and efficiency in six key areas of the game. Only footballers who played at least 60% of minutes in their respective league were taken into account. Goalkeepers have been selected with the highest % of saves.

Each team is made up of a goalkeeper, two centre backs, a left full back, a right full back, two central or defensive midfielders, two offensive midfielders and two forwards as per the 4-4-2 formation.

In the big-5 league line-up are two Juventus (Buffon and Chiellini) and Real Madrid (Di María and Ronaldo) players, as well as one player each for Barcelona (Dani Alves), Bayern Munich (Alaba), Manchester City (David Silva), Paris St-Germain (Thiago Silva), Liverpool (Suárez), Atlético Madrid (Gabi) and Roma (Pjani?). Among these players, only Gabi and Alaba will not participate in the 2014 World Cup.

All the rankings are available on the CIES Football Observatory website, see Big-5 Weekly Post (issue 76). Deeper analysis will be presented in the 9th edition of our Annual Review to be published during the first week of June.

Our metrics measure players’ pitch production and efficiency in six complementary areas of the game.

CIES Football Observatory key performance indicators

• Shooting: ability to take advantage of goal opportunities through accurate shooting
• Chance creation: ability to create goal opportunities through efficient passing
• Take on: ability to create dangerous situations by successfully challenging opponents
• Distribution: ability to hold the grip on the game through efficient passing
• Recovery: ability to minimise goal opportunities for opponents through proficient ball recovery
• Rigour: ability to minimise goal opportunities for opponents by efficiently blocking their actions

Data in each area is weighted according to the impact on club results per position. Consequently, for example, rigour is more important for centre backs than forwards, while the opposite holds true for shooting.

In England, Fulham fielded the oldest midfielders and forwards, as well as the second most seasoned defenders after West Bromwich Albion. Conversely, Southampton defence was the fourth youngest at European level. All the information is available on the CIES Football Observatory website.

Crystal Palace goalkeeper Julián Speroni heads the ranking for minutes played by footballers born in the 1970’s in England. In the other leagues, at the top of the tables are Morgan De Sanctis (Roma, Italy), Olivier Sorlin (Evian, France), Esteban Suéarez (Almería, Spain), Raphael Schäfer (Nürnberg) and Zden?k Posp?ch (Mainz, Germany).

All the rankings are to be found on the CIES Football Observatory website.

In England, at the top of the tables are players from four clubs: Džeko (Manchester City), Cazorla (Arsenal), Schneiderlin (Southampton), Azpilicueta and Cahill (Chelsea).

In Spain, Aduriz (Athletic Bilbao) was the only best performing footballer who does not play for Real Madrid (Isco and Sergio Ramos) and Barcelona (Busquets and Dani Alves).

In France, PSG is the only club with two players at the top of the ranking: Cavani and Cabaye. Sertic (Bordeaux), Perrin (St-Etienne) and Bedimo (Lyon) head the remaining tables.

In Germany, players from four different clubs are at the top of the rankings: Oli? and de Bruyne (Wolfsburg), Schweinsteiger (Bayern), Spahi? (Leverkuesen) and Posp?ch (Mainz).

In Italy, finally, no club has more than one player at the top of the tables: Immobile (Torino), Hernanes (Inter), Inler (Napoli), Chiellini (Juventus) and Pasqual (Fiorentina).

Our metrics measure players’ pitch production and efficiency in six complementary areas of the game.

CIES Football Observatory key performance indicators

Shooting: ability to take advantage of goal opportunities through accurate shooting

Chance creation: ability to create goal opportunities through efficient passing

Take on: ability to create dangerous situations by successfully challenging opponents

Distribution: ability to hold the grip on the game through efficient passing

Recovery: ability to minimise goal opportunities for opponents through proficient ball recovery

Rigour: ability to minimise goal opportunities for opponents by efficiently blocking their actions

Data in each area are weighted according to the impact on club results per position. Consequently, for example, rigour is more important for centre backs than forwards, while the opposite holds true for shooting.

The U20 footballer who played the most league minutes so far is Matthias Ginter (Freiburg), followed by Saúl Ñíguez (Rayo Vallecano) and Luke Shaw (Southampton). Four other U20 footballers played for more than 2,000 minutes: Aymeric Laporte (Athletic Bilbao), Issiaga Sylla (Toulouse), Morgan Sanson (Montpellier) and Hakan Çalhano?lu (Hamburg).

The most fielded U20 player in Italy is Ibrahima Mbaye (Livorno). The tenth most employed U20 player was only fielded for 270 minutes in Italy. This figure is 1,115 in Germany, 1,028 in France, 790 in England and 437 in Spain.

For more information, please go to the CIES Football Observatory website or contact us at football.observatory@cies.ch

In England, the highest increase in shots on target per match after 1st of January was observed at Cardiff City, from 2.9 to 3.9 (+34%). Conversely, the greatest decrease was registered for Everton, from 5.8 to 4.7 (-19%). Shooting production went up at Liverpool and Chelsea, while it decreased at Manchester City and Arsenal.

In Spain, shooting production increased the most at Málaga (3.8 to 4.3, +13%). Despite the excellent results achieved, Atlético Madrid took much fewer shots on target after 1st of January than in the first part of the season (6.5 to 4.1, -37%). If this trend continues, the Colchoneros will most probably struggle to win the league title.

In France, the highest negative gap for shots on target was measured at Nice (3.6 to 2.4, -33%). The reverse holds true for Montpellier (3.3 to 4.9, +48%). Paris St-Germain shooting production remained stable: 6.0 shots on target per match (highest figure in France for both first and second semester).

In Germany, the shooting production of Hertha Berlin decreased by 26% (4.7 to 3.5). At the opposite end of the table is Hoffenheim (5.0 to 7.1, + 42%). The number of shots on target per match also increased for Bayern Munich (7.5 to 7.9, +5%).

In Italy, shooting production of the probable future league winner Juventus went heavily down after 1st of January (7.1 to 4.6, -35%). On the contrary, Genoa players took significantly more shots on target in the second part of the season than in the first one: 2.9 to 4.5 (+55%).

At big-5 league level, the ten most productive clubs in terms of shots on target in the second part of the season are Bayern Munich (7.9), Real Madrid (7.7), Hoffenheim (7.1), Liverpool (7.1), Barcelona (6.8), Borussia Dortmund (6.2), Schalke 04 (6.1), Paris St-Germain (6.0), Manchester City (5.9) and Chelsea (5.9). Six of these teams qualified for the quarter of finals of the Champions League and three will play the semi-finals.

More data are to be found on our website. For more information, please contact us at football.observatory@cies.ch.

During current season, the three top ranked teams per league achieved 75% of possible points. This figure is 5% greater than the previous highest levels measured in 2011/12 and 2012/13. A new record high was measured in Spain (80.9%), Italy (77.8%), Germany (73.2%) and France (71.2%). In England, the current level (74.2%) is “only” the second highest since 2008/09. Our analysis clearly confirms the growing competitive unbalance in the richest European leagues.

For more information, please contact us at football.observartory@cies.ch